ABSTRACT
With the population aging， the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients continue to rise. At present， the treatment methods for tumors include surgery， chemotherapy， radiotherapy， targeted therapy， and immunotherapy. However， most chemotherapeutic drugs can cause severe side effects and drug resistance. Therefore， as an alternative therapy， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatment can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms of tumor patients， improve the quality of life， inhibit or stabilize the development of tumors， and prolong the survival period of patients. Due to the good safety of Chinese medicine， its potential anti-cancer activity has attracted increasing attention. Ganoderma lucidum， a treasure of Chinese medicinal material， is a medicinal fungus with a history of more than 2 000 years in China. So far， many studies have proposed the anti-cancer properties of G. lucidum. G. lucidum has extensive pharmacological activities， such as anti-tumor， anti-atherosclerosis， and anti-aging. It can also regulate immunity， protect the liver and the heart， and reduce blood glucose and lipid. The chemical composition of G. lucidum is complex. At present， it is proved to contain polysaccharides， triterpenoids， alkaloids， nucleosides， amino acids， and various trace elements. The anti-tumor mechanisms of polysaccharides and triterpenoids in G. lucidum are mainly achieved by apoptosis induction， immune regulation， anti-angiogenesis， and induction of cell cycle arrest. Currently， it has been widely used in the adjuvant treatment of complex tumors such as lung cancer， liver cancer， cervical cancer， prostate cancer， breast cancer， and colon cancer. The present study reviewed the bioactivities and mechanisms of triterpenoids and polysaccharides in G. lucidum in recent years and highlighted the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms to provide references for the further development and utilization of G. lucidum.
ABSTRACT
In this study, one immortalized human normal prostatic epithelial cell line (BPH) and four human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, PC-3, and DU-145) were treated with Ganoderma Lucidum triterpenoids (GLT) at different doses and for different time periods. Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and chemical assays. Gene expression and binding to DNA were assessed using real-time PCR and Western blotting. It was found that GLT dose-dependently inhibited prostate cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. GLT-induced apoptosis was due to activation of Caspases-9 and -3 and turning on the downstream apoptotic events. GLT-induced cell cycle arrest (mainly G1 arrest) was due to up-regulation of p21 expression at the early time and down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and E2F1 expression at the late time. These findings demonstrate that GLT suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis, which might suggest that GLT or Ganoderma Lucidum could be used as a potential therapeutic drug for prostate cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Pharmacology , Apoptosis , Caspase 3 , Genetics , Metabolism , Caspase 9 , Genetics , Metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Cyclin D1 , Genetics , Metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 , Genetics , Metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 , Genetics , Metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , E2F1 Transcription Factor , Genetics , Metabolism , G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints , Genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Nucleosomes , Metabolism , Pathology , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Prostate , Metabolism , Pathology , Reishi , Chemistry , Signal Transduction , Triterpenes , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective: To prepare the nanosuspension-based gel of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GT-NS-gel) and investigate the in vitro transdermal diffusion characteristics. Methods: GT-NS was prepared by high pressure homogenization and then transformed into gel. The formulation of GT-NS-gel was optimized by response surface method with cumulative release of drug from the GT-NS-gel within 24 h, and the amount of drug in the skin after applying GT-NS-gel for 24 h was used as indexes. In vitro percutaneous permeation and skin deposition of GT-NS-gel were studied and compared with those of GT-gel. Results: The GT-NS-gel prepared by optimal formulation (5 mg/g Carbomer 940, 30 mg/g GT, and 47.2 mg/g lecithin) could release in vitro at 24 h to (56.28±2.16)%, and the amount of drug in the skin after applying GT-NS-gel for 24 h was (472.89±8.74) μg/cm2. There was a little deviation between the theoretically predicted value and the measured value. It showed that this model had a good prediction. The amounts of GT penetrating through the skin and in the skin after applying GT-NS-gel for 24 h were (50.73±4.97) and (475.89±10.74) μg/cm2, which were significantly higher than GT-gel (P<0.05). Conclusion: The GT-NS-gel has the ability to increase drug concentration in the skin, which can improve the bioavailability of the local skin.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe effects of ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids(GLT) on learning and memory function and anti-oxidative ability of aging model mice induced by D-galactose. Methods Senile model mice were established by D-galactose hypodermic injection for 8 weeks.GLT had been administered to two therapy groups.All the mice of different groups were tested with Morris water maze.Then the mice were killed and biochemically assayed of total anti-oxidative capacity(T-AOC),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in the brain. Results The model mice showed worse ability in learning and memory in comparison with control mice.The T-AOC activity and SOD activity in the brain decreased and the MDA content increased in model rats in comparison with control.GLT significantly improved the changes mentioned above. Conclusion GLT improved the learning and memory dysfunction in aging model mice by modulation of the anti-oxidative ability.